London transport 1.4.1 ipa

However on Friday and Saturday nights, much of the Underground runs through the night. In Central London there is a very good night bus network when the Underground is closed. You will rarely have to wait more than 5 minutes for an Underground train at any time of the day. Use the TfL Transport for London journey planner to plan your travel. The journey planner covers all public transport. TFL Journey planner.

The London Underground map is a classic design that when first launched was immediately taken up worldwide for similar systems. The clarity, simplicity and ease of use compromises strict geographical accuracy. The Circle line doesn't really go around in a squashed circle and it is not apparent for instance that Bayswater Underground is only yards from Queensway.

In the Night Tube was introduced. On Friday and Saturday nights only Underground trains run through the night. For lines that operate a night service see the Night Tube map linked below or on the right-menu. You can treat this network as just another Underground line.

Not in the centre of London, but in the suburbs you will find a train network called the Overground which can also be thought of as being part of the Underground for ticketing purposes. Commuter trains into the suburbs are very confusing for the visitor. You can still use Oysters and Travelcards on these but those lines run by the national railways only give free travel to children under 5. In the north and east of London most of these services are now run by TfL Rail or the Overground so free travel is available to children under 11, but to the south and west of London, services are still dominated by national railways companies.

The Tube and rail map usefully shows which railway stations are in which travel zones. Travel zones are the basis for fare charges on London's railways and Underground system. Introduction has been on a phased basis. The Night Tube will offer a hour service on Fridays and Saturdays.

Standard off-peak fares are levied for travelling on the Night Tube using Oyster and Contactless cards. Travelcards are valid from the first day of issue using the date printed on the card , and for journeys starting before 4.

For example, if you buy a 1-day Travelcard at 11am on Friday, you can use it until 4. Night Tube map - current lines operated. The London public transport system is divided up into zones that radiate from the centre. Nearly all the hotels and the main sights are in Zone 1. Heathrow Airport is in Zone 6 and the furthest zone out is Zone 9.

The majority of visitors will only travel in the two most central zones 1 and 2. The Underground Map link above has the stations and their zones marked. Some stations, such as Turnham Green, are in two zones. You use whichever zone for these stations is most beneficial in working out your fare. So soon virtually every brewer in the land had his own pale ale. There was also a trend to making lower strength versions, such as dinner ales, leading to the emergence of bitter ales, which are now the most common form of ale in Britain.

This brings us into the 20th century when beer strengths went into a steady decline. Some of that was due to changes in drinking habits, but an important factor was that of taxation. For over a century British beer taxed after was based on the original gravity of the wort and was due when the gravity was measured and not when the beer was sold, which was almost a double tax!

Throughout the century beer tax steadily increased, with huge surges in the two World Wars. What has that to do with IPA in Britain?

Well, as I said earlier the tax pushed brewers to reduce their original gravities and ABV levels, leading most of them to produce nothing but low-alcohol session beers. Some would argue that these beers are not IPAs in any sense, but rather just regular bitter ales. Others might say that whatever a brewer calls his beer that is what it is.

I used to think that such beers should not be called IPA, but have come round to the idea that we cannot ignore them if they are popular with drinkers, so perhaps it is best to look on them as another class of IPA, separate from the original forms. There have been other changes in British IPAs, notably the use of caramel malts, which were first produced only in the late 19th century. Their value in IPAs is to add some body and slight sweetness, so that it is possible to still use a relatively high hopping rate without making the beer thin and unbalanced.

Other changes came with the craft brewing revolutions in Britain and the USA. Perhaps inspired by the American craft brewers wholesale love affair with IPA, some British brewers moved to create or revive their own versions. Some indeed have done so using American citrus-type hops, while others have been more traditional. But the interesting thing is that few have brewed their new IPAs to anything like the alcohol level of their 19th century predecessors.

In fact, they have mostly brewed these new beers at around And that to me gives us yet another class of British IPA, so that there are now three in all. There were other changes on the British brewing scene through the 20th and into the 21st century.

The Brits have no body or institution which defines beer styles, and as discussed earlier it is clear that they have very loose ideas as to what constitutes a British IPA and that the IPA style has been something of a moving target. Therefore, I am not going to give precise definitions in the style of the Beer Judge Certification Program, but rather just some loose guidelines along with the example recipes on pages 90— Actual analyses of beers of that time indicate OG of 1.

As to hop rates we do know that these were high at 3—5 lbs. What we do not know is what varieties of hops were used — Goldings were probably a favorite, but Bass for one is known to have used some American hops. We do not know the condition of the hops, as they were stored without refrigeration, and might well have been very low in alpha-acid when used.

They were generally dry-hopped in the cask for both aroma and preservative purposes, but again we do not know just how effective this procedure was for producing aromatic character, as much of the hop oils could have been lost in storage. I have given a recipe for IPA in this article starting on page 90 taken from an publication, which is simply a collection of recipes that gives a beer fitting the above description.

The brewer, George Amsinck, was apparently working in London, not Burton, but his recipes are very detailed a rarity at that time!

Most visitors will just travel in the central zones 1 and 2. If you are staying more than 5 days in Central London then a 7 day Travelcard zone is probably going to be cheaper than just an Oyster card. However a Travelcard on its own with fixed travel zones is not very flexible for the occasional trip outside these zones. Note this flexibility is not available on Visitors Oyster cards or contactless payment cards and is not available for Travelcards purchased from railway stations and online.

A typical example is someone arriving and departing at Heathrow Airport in zone 6 and spending say 6 days in the centre of London zones before flying out. By purchasing an Oyster card at Heathrow Airport Underground Station and buying a 7 day Travelcard zone electronically loaded onto the Oyster by the ticket machine plus a minimal amount of Oyster cash both Oyster card and Travelcard will will work seamlessly together.

The 7 day Travelcard zone will cover all travel in the central zones 1 and 2. Then on the Underground airport transfer journeys the Travelcard still covers the section of the journey in zones 1 and 2 but the Oyster will kick in automatically to cover the section of the journey in zones 3 to 6 at the lowest cost using the cash on the Oyster. You do not physically have to do anything it is all automatic.

Similarly, if you are staying in London for 9 days you might buy an Oyster card and use it on a PAYG basis for 2 days and have a 7 day Travelcard loaded and use that for the remaining 7 days. There are no seniors fares for visitors. If you reside in London and are of pensionable age you can get a Freedom pass giving free travel.

You can apply online or get a form from your local Post Office. Anybody with an English National Concessionary bus pass can use that on London's red buses too and travel free of charge.

You have to ask a member of staff to load the concession onto a standard Oyster card note, not a Visitors Oysters card at an Underground station after showing your Seniors Card. If you have a railways Seniors Railcard you can also buy 1 day off-peak zone Travelcards at with the discount applied. In crude terms a child is defined as under 16 years old, but in the last couple of years it has been possible to get child fares after jumping through a few hoops up to the age of If a child is between 11 and 15 years old you require an Oyster Photocard which has a fee see below.

This allows 11 to 15 year olds to travel at child fares on the Underground, DLR, Overground and some trains, free on the buses. A child is defined as under 16 years old, but in the last couple of years it has been possible to get child fares after jumping through a few hoops up to the age of You can only buy child Travelcards on-demand universally for 1 day Travelcards.

You can buy 7 day child Travelcards at the Visit Britain online shop and at railway stations who require a passport photo. If you are a short term visitor in London for up to 14 days with kids between you can take advantage of the Young Visitor Discount. This means you can get half price fares on an Oyster card on a temporary basis for your child without going through the hoops and expense of getting an Oyster ID card.

You do need to read carefully the rules of this scheme though. Children under five can travel free at any time on the Tube, DLR, buses and trams as long as they are accompanied by an adult with a valid ticket. You do not need a ticket for free travel. They can also travel free at any time on the Tube, DLR , Overground and any TfL train service when they are travelling with an adult who has a valid ticket.

Up to 4 children under 11 years old accompanied by a paying adult travel free. Travel on the national railways which operate suburban commuter trains in London only have free travel for those under 5. Failing to explain the rationale for its investment can undermine the support the Department needs for a programme to go ahead. Programmes that aim to bring wider national and economic benefits, such as High Speed 1 and High Speed 2 HS2 , face the problem of a lack of evidence to demonstrate such impacts.

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